Validity: GoF quantifies whether engineering patents (hardware, software, processes) add non-obvious performance gains. For example, if a claimed processor pipeline reduces latency by 20%, GoF can situate that in a 0–10 normalized multiplier relative to prior generations.
Infringement: Experts use GoF to show that accused designs replicate patented functional milestones. A signal-processing method might be scored against throughput, jitter, or error-correction multipliers.
Apportionment: In complex systems (smartphones, networks, semiconductors), GoF matrices separate the patented function’s share of total performance gain, preventing overreach in damages claims.
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